Hypoglycemic Mechanism of <i>Tegillarca granosa</i> Polysaccharides on Type 2 Diabetic Mice by Altering Gut Microbiota and Regulating the PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disease threatening human health. We investigated the effects of Tegillarca granosa polysaccharide (TGP) and determined its potential mechanisms in mouse model T2DM established through high-fat diet streptozotocin. TGP (5.1×103 Da) was composed mannose, glucosamine, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galactosamine, glucose, galactose, xylose, fucose. It could significantly alleviate weight loss, reduce fasting blood glucose levels, reverse dyslipidemia, liver damage from oxidative stress, improve insulin sensitivity. RT-PCR western blotting indicated that activate phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway to regulate disorders glucolipid metabolism resistance. increased abundance Allobaculum, Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, restored microbiota intestinal tracts mice with T2DM, promoted short-chain fatty acid production. This study provides new insights into antidiabetic highlights as natural hypoglycemic nutraceutical.